Wat is een echte döner? Turkije wil dat vastleggen, met als voorwaarde dat het broodje vlees alleen uit dat land kan komen. Daar zijn veel Duitsers, ook van Turkse afkomst, het niet mee eens.
Als het rolluik van Hisar Fresh Food een paar minuten voor tienen in de ochtend omhoog gaat, aan de rand van de wijk Kreuzberg in Berlijn, staat er meteen al een klant voor de deur. Niet veel later komt een bezorger van Lieferando (het Duitse Thuisbezorgd) een bestelling ophalen. De döner kebab die Hisar verkoopt mag dan een reputatie hebben als nachtelijke snack, ook in de ochtend zijn er genoeg mensen die zin hebben in een broodje vlees.
Het zijn niet alleen inwoners van Berlijn die eigenaar Arif Keleş tot zijn klantenkring rekent. Binnen hangen voetbalshirts gesigneerd door de Duitse voetballers Antonio Rüdinger (verdediger van Real Madrid), Bayern München-toptalent Jamal Musiala en zijn teamgenoot Leroy Sané. Sané schrijft: ‘Voor Hisar abi, de beste döner in Duitsland’. Abi betekent ‘broer’ in het Turks.
Traditionele specialiteit
Toch is het maar de vraag of Keleş zijn producten als zijnde döner kebab mag blijven aanprijzen. Als het aan Turkije ligt, wordt döner door de EU erkend als ‘traditionele specialiteit’. Dat zou betekenen dat er strengere regels komen voor het gebruik van het woord döner, zoals al het geval is voor Napolitaanse pizza, serranoham of Hollandse maatjesharing.
Turkije heeft in april dit jaar een aanvraag ingediend met precieze voorschriften voor de bereiding van döner: van de leeftijd van het geslachte dier tot de receptuur van marinade en hoe dik de reepjes vlees mogen zijn.
Het luidste protest komt uit Duitsland, waar jaarlijks voor 2,3 miljoen euro aan döner wordt verkocht. In heel Europa is dat 3,5 miljard euro, berekende de Berlijnse Vereniging van Turkse Dönerproducenten in Europa. Brussel gaf in september Turkije en Duitsland zes maanden de tijd om tot een compromis te komen. De Europese Commissie heeft uiteindelijk het laatste woord.
Sommige dönerzaken nemen alvast maatregelen. “Een nieuwe naam is al klaar, we noemen het gewoon Drehspieß,” vertelt dönerchef Mustafa Demir. Het betekent ‘draaiende spies’ in het Duits, maar past ook bij de betekenis van het woord döner, dönmek betekent namelijk (rond)draaien in het Turks.
Baba van de Gemüse Kebab
Net als de meeste dönerchefs heeft Demir een Turkse achtergrond. Hij was acht jaar toen zijn familie in de jaren zeventig naar Duitsland vertrok om er te werken. Vele Turkse arbeidsmigranten vonden een blijvende plek in de Duitse samenleving en de döner kebab veranderde mee. Demir noemt zichzelf de baba (vader) van de Gemüse Kebab. Zijn broodje döner kebab staat bekend om de toegevoegde groenten en speciale sauzen, en hij heeft ook een vegetarische variant in de aanbieding.
Hoewel hij misschien de naam moet veranderen, wil Demir van een ‘döneroorlog’ of ‘dönercrisis’ niks weten. “Döner is zelf crisisvoedsel,” lacht hij.
Mary Işın, een culinair historicus, ziet dat de döner kebab in Turkije ook aan verandering onderhevig is, vooral door het soort vlees dat gebruikt wordt. “Toen ik bijna vijftig jaar geleden in Ankara woonde, was de döner zó lekker. Misschien ben ik nostalgisch, maar het was zo goed. Altijd gemaakt van lam en geroosterd boven een houtskoolvuur,” vertelt ze via de telefoon uit Bodrum. Inmiddels is rund of kip de meest gangbare variant.
Işın schreef verschillende boeken over de geschiedenis van de Turkse keuken, waaronder over de döner. De eerste keer dat de naam döner kebab in geschreven teksten voorkomt is in 1908, maar er zijn zeventiende-eeuwse tekeningen van hoe in het Ottomaanse Rijk vlees op een ronddraaiend spit wordt geroosterd, waarbij er steeds plakjes vanaf worden gesneden. Waar het eerst picknickvoedsel was, kwamen kebabzaken vanaf de achttiende eeuw op.
Conservatieve Turkse keuken
Voor de rest is er eigenlijk weinig veranderd in de manier waarop döner wordt gegeten. In Turkije is dat vaak op een bord in plaats van in een pitabroodje, of met rijst. Işın is alleen niet te spreken over de tomaat die erbij geserveerd wordt. “Dat past er niet bij en ik vind het niet lekker. Mensen zijn daar inmiddels aan gewend, maar over het algemeen is de Turkse keuken vrij conservatief. Ik vind dat positief, omdat traditionele recepten daarmee bewaard worden.”
Voor Arif Keleş, de eigenaar van Hisar Fresh Food, is de döner meer dan fastfood in Berlijn, of een iets luxer gerecht in Istanbul. Hij ziet het als een samenkomst van de Duitse met de Turkse culinaire cultuur. Daarom voelde hij zich ook vereerd toen hij in april werd gevraagd om mee op bezoek in Turkije te gaan met de delegatie van de Duitse premier Frank-Walter Steinmeier. Ook mee in het regeringsvliegtuig: een zestig kilo wegende döner.
Trots laat Keleş een video zien waarop Steinmeier probeert de döner te snijden. Het idee van die döner was om de bijdrage van de Turkse arbeidsmigranten aan Duitsland te eren en iets terug te geven aan Turkije. Dat werd niet door iedereen positief ontvangen. Zo klonk de kritiek dat op deze manier de bijdrage van migranten uit Turkije werd platgeslagen tot een döner. Daarnaast: waarom brengt Duitsland een döner mee naar het land van de döner? vroegen critici zich af.
Het brengt Keleş niet van de wijs, en ook wat betreft het EU-predikaat verwacht hij dat de soep niet zo heet zal worden gegeten. “Ik vraag me af hoeveel döners in Turkije volgens die regels worden gemaakt.”
(hier het originele artikel: https://archive.ph/MHCCP)
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